These Regulations, which come into force on 15th June 2007, are made under section 2(2) of the European Communities Act 1972 (c.68) to give effect to Community Regulation 1889/2005. This introduces a harmonised control and information procedure for large-scale movements of cash in or out of the Community and empowers the national authorities to take appropriate administrative actions, including an obligation to impose penalties. These Regulations provide for penalties for failing to declare movements of cash as required under article 3 of the Community Regulation, and an appeal mechanism. Cash is defined in the Community Regulation as including not only currency (banknotes and coins that are in circulation as a medium of exchange), but also “bearer negotiable instruments including monetary instruments in bearer form such as travellers cheques, negotiable instruments (including cheques, promissory notes and money orders) that are either in bearer form, endorsed without restriction, made out to a fictitious payee, or otherwise in such form that title thereto passes upon delivery, and incomplete instruments (including cheques, promissory notes and money orders) signed, but with the payee's name omitted”.