Attorney General’s Reference (No 1 of 2022)

Subject Matter

CRIME — Court of Appeal (Criminal Division) — Jurisdiction — Attorney General referring points of law to Court of Appeal for opinion following acquittal of defendants — Attorney General advancing different arguments from those advanced by Crown at trial — Whether court having jurisdiction to give opinion on points of law referred — Whether points of law referred ones which had arisen in the case — Criminal Justice Act 1972 (c 71), s 36(1)

[2022] EWCA Crim 1259; [2023] KB 37; [2023] 2 WLR 651; [2023] 1 All ER 549; [2023] 1 Cr App R 1; [2022] WLR(D) 383; The Times, 14 November 2022, CA

HUMAN RIGHTS — Freedom of thought, expression and assembly — Interference with — Defendants charged with causing criminal damage to statue during protest and committed to Crown Court for trial — Whether jury required to be sure that defendants’ convictions proportionate interference with their Convention rights — Human Rights Act 1998 (c 42), Sch 1, Pt I, arts 9, 10, 11

[2022] EWCA Crim 1259; [2023] KB 37; [2023] 2 WLR 651; [2023] 1 All ER 549; [2023] 1 Cr App R 1; [2022] WLR(D) 383; The Times, 14 November 2022, CA

Legislation Considered

Statutes

Criminal Justice Act 1972 (c 71), s 36(1)

Human Rights Act 1998 (c 42), Sch 1, Pt I, arts 9, 10, 11

Cases Considered

Cases considered in: Attorney General’s Reference (No 1 of 2022) [2022] EWCA Crim 1259; [2023] KB 37; [2023] 2 WLR 651; [2023] 1 All ER 549; [2023] 1 Cr App R 1; [2022] WLR(D) 383; The Times, 14 November 2022, CA

Cases Cited

Cases cited in: Attorney General’s Reference (No 1 of 2022) [2022] EWCA Crim 1259; [2023] KB 37; [2023] 2 WLR 651; [2023] 1 All ER 549; [2023] 1 Cr App R 1; [2022] WLR(D) 383; The Times, 14 November 2022, CA

A v Secretary of State for the Home Department (No 2) [2005] UKHL 71; [2006] 2 AC 221; [2005] 3 WLR 1249; [2006] 1 All ER 575, HL(E)

Alekhina v Russia (Application No 38004/12) (2018) 68 EHRR 14, ECtHR

Animal Defenders International v United Kingdom (Application No 48876/08) (2013) 57 EHRR 21, ECtHR (GC)

Appleby v United Kingdom (Appn no 44306/98); (2003) 37 EHRR 38, ECtHR

Attorney General’s Reference No 3 of 2004 sub nom R v H [2005] EWCA Crim 1882, CA

Attorney-General’s Reference (No 2 of 1975) [1976] 1 WLR 710; [1976] 2 All ER 753; 62 Cr App R 255, CA

Attorney-General’s Reference (No 3 of 1994) [1998] AC 245; [1997] 3 WLR 421; [1997] 3 All ER 936; [1998] 1 Cr App R 91, HL(E)

Attorney-General’s Reference (No 4 of 1979) [1981] 1 WLR 667; [1981] 1 All ER 1193; 71 Cr App R 341, CA

Ayliffe v Director of Public Prosecutions [2006] UKHL 16; [2007] 1 AC 136; [2006] 2 WLR 772; [2006] 2 All ER 741; [2006] 2 Cr App R 136, HL(E)

Bauer v Director of Public Prosecutions [2013] EWHC 634 (Admin); [2013] 1 WLR 3617; (2013) 177 JP 297; [2013] WLR (D) 121; [2013] ACD 66, DC

Birch v Director of Public Prosecutions [2000] Crim LR 301, DC

Blumberga v Latvia (Application No 70930/01) (unreported) 14 October 2008, ECtHR

Brown v Public Prosecution Service for Northern Ireland [2022] NICA 5

Bédat v Switzerland (Application No 56925/08) (2016) 63 EHRR 15, ECtHR (GC)

Connolly v Director of Public Prosecutions [2007] EWHC 237 (Admin); [2008] 1 WLR 276; [2007] 2 All ER 1012; [2007] 2 Cr App R 43, DC

Director of Public Prosecutions v Cuciurean [2022] EWHC 736 (Admin); [2022] QB 888; [2022] 3 WLR 446; [2022] 4 All ER 1043; [2022] 2 Cr App R 8; [2022] WLR(D) 152, DC

Director of Public Prosecutions v Ziegler [2021] UKSC 23; [2022] AC 408; [2021] 3 WLR 179; [2021] 4 All ER 985; [2021] 2 Cr App R 19; The Times, 7 July 2021, SC(E)

Ezelin v France (Application No 11800/85) (1991) 14 EHRR 362, ECtHR

Food Standards Agency v Bakers of Nailsea Ltd [2020] EWHC 3632 (Admin); [2021] Crim LR 582; [2020] CTLC 324, DC

Gayford v Chouler [1898] 1 QB 316, DC

Genov v Bulgaria (Application No 52358/15) (unreported) 30 November 2021, ECtHR

Ghaidan v Godin-Mendoza [2004] UKHL 30; [2004] 2 AC 557; [2004] 3 WLR 113; [2004] 3 All ER 411; [2004] 2 FLR 600, HL(E)

Gifford v HM Advocate [2011] HCJAC 101; 2011 SCCR 751

Hammond (Harry John) (Deceased) v Department of Public Prosecutions [2004] EWHC 69 (Admin), QBD

Handyside v United Kingdom (Appn no 5493/72); (1976) 1 EHRR 737, ECtHR

Handzhiyski v Bulgaria (Appn no 10783/14); (2021) 73 EHRR 15; [2021] ECHR 283 , ECtHR

Hardman v Chief Constable of Avon and Somerset [1986] Crim LR 330

Hashman and Harrup v United Kingdom (Application No 25594/94) (1999) 30 EHRR 241, ECtHR (GC)

Hirst v Chief Constable of West Yorkshire (1986) 85 Cr App R 143, DC

Ibrahimov v Azerbaijan (Application Nos 63571/16, 2890/17, 39541/17, 74143/16, 2883/17 and 39527/17) (unreported) 13 February 2020, ECtHR

In re G (Adoption: Unmarried Couple) [2008] UKHL 38; [2009] AC 173; [2008] 3 WLR 76; [2008] 2 FLR 1084; 24 BHRC 650; [2008] HRLR 37; [2008] NI 31; [2008] UKHRR 1181, HL(NI)

James v Director of Public Prosecutions [2015] EWHC 3296 (Admin); [2016] 1 WLR 2118; [2015] WLR (D) 458, DC

Kudrevičius v Lithuania (Application No 37553/05) (2015) 62 EHRR 34, ECtHR (GC)

Kudrina v Russia (Application No 34313/06) (unreported) 6 April 2021, ECtHR

Morphitis v Salmon (1989) 154 JP 365; [1990] Crim LR 48, DC

Mouvement Raëlien Suisse v Switzerland (Application No 16354/06) (2012) 56 EHRR 14, ECtHR (GC)

Nagy v Weston [1965] 1 WLR 280; [1965] 1 All ER 78, DC

Navalnyy v Russia (Application Nos 29580/12, 36847/12, 11252/13, 12317/13 and 43746/14) (2018) 68 EHRR 25, ECtHR (GC)

Norwood (Mark Anthony) v Director of Public Prosecutions [2003] EWHC 1564 (Admin), QBD

Perinçek v Switzerland (Appn no 27510/08); (2015) 63 EHRR 6, ECtHR (GC)

Pretty v United Kingdom (Application No 2346/02) (2002) 35 EHRR 1, ECtHR

Primov v Russia (Application No 17391/06) (unreported) 12 June 2014, ECtHR

R (AB) v Secretary of State for Justice [2021] UKSC 28; [2022] AC 487; [2021] 3 WLR 494; [2021] 4 All ER 777; The Times, 27 July 2021, SC(E)

R (Al-Skeini) v Secretary of State for Defence (The Redress Trust intervening) [2007] UKHL 26; [2008] AC 153; [2007] 3 WLR 33; [2007] 3 All ER 685, HL(E)

R (Conway) v Secretary of State for Justice (Humanists UK intervening) [2018] EWCA Civ 1431; [2020] QB 1; [2018] 3 WLR 925; [2019] 1 All ER 39; [2018] WLR (D) 402, CA

R (Corner House Research) v Director of the Serious Fraud Office (JUSTICE intervening) [2008] UKHL 60; [2009] AC 756; [2008] 3 WLR 568; [2008] 4 All ER 927, HL(E)

R (Director of Public Prosecutions) v Stratford Magistrates’ Court [2017] EWHC 1794 (Admin); [2018] 4 WLR 47, DC

R (Laporte) v Chief Constable of Gloucestershire Constabulary [2006] UKHL 55; [2007] 2 AC 105; [2007] 2 WLR 46; [2007] 2 All ER 529, HL(E)

R (Lewis) v Mid and North Shropshire Coroner [2009] EWCA Civ 1403; [2010] 1 WLR 1836; [2010] 3 All ER 858; [2009] WLR (D) 379, CA

R (MM (Lebanon)) v Secretary of State for the Home Department [2017] UKSC 10; [2017] 1 WLR 771; [2017] WLR (D) 124; Case details, SC(E)

R (SC) v Secretary of State for Work and Pensions [2021] UKSC 26; [2022] AC 223; [2021] 3 WLR 428; [2022] 3 All ER 95; [2021] WLR(D) 382; The Times, 20 July 2021, SC(E)

R (Ullah) v Special Adjudicator [2004] UKHL 26; [2004] 2 AC 323; [2004] 3 WLR 23; [2004] 3 All ER 785, HL(E)

R (Youngsam) v Parole Board [2019] EWCA Civ 229; [2020] QB 387; [2019] 3 WLR 33; [2019] 3 All ER 954; [2019] WLR (D) 121, CA

R v Bianco (Leonardo) [2001] EWCA Crim 2516, CA

R v Brown (James Hugh) [2022] EWCA Crim 6; [2022] 1 Cr App R 18; [2022] WLR(D) 56, CA

R v Charles (Chuks Emmanuel) [2009] EWCA Crim 1570; [2010] 1 WLR 644; [2010] 4 All ER 553; [2010] 1 Cr App R 38; [2009] WLR (D) 265, CA

R v Fiak (Engin) [2005] EWCA Crim 2381, CA

R v G [2009] UKHL 13; [2010] 1 AC 43; [2009] 2 WLR 724; [2009] 2 All ER 409; [2009] 2 Cr App R 60; [2009] Crim LR 679; The Times, 5 March 2009, HL(E)

R v Gunning 2005 SCC 27; [2005] 1 SCR 627

R v Nicholson (Heather) [2006] EWCA Crim 1518; [2006] 1 WLR 2857; [2006] 2 Cr App R 429, CA

R v Pendleton [2001] UKHL 66; [2002] 1 WLR 72; [2002] 1 All ER 524; [2002] 1 Cr App R 441, HL(E)

R v Roberts (Richard) (Liberty intervening) [2018] EWCA Crim 2739; [2019] 1 WLR 2577; [2018] WLR(D) 745, CA

R v Secretary of State for the Home Department, Ex parte Simms [1999] UKHL 33; [2000] 2 AC 115; [1999] 3 WLR 328; [1999] 3 All ER 400, HL(E)

R v Thacker [2021] EWCA Crim 97; [2021] QB 644; [2021] 2 WLR 1087; [2021] 4 All ER 1199; [2021] 1 Cr App R 21; [2021] WLR(D) 69, CA

R v Wang (Cheong) [2005] UKHL 9; [2005] 1 WLR 661; [2005] 1 All ER 782; [2005] 2 Cr App R 136, HL(E)

R v Whiteley (Nicholas Alan) (1991) 93 Cr App R 25; (1991) 155 JP 917; [1993] FSR 168; [1991] Crim LR 436; (1991) 135 SJ 249; The Times, 6 February 1991, CA

R v Y (A) [2010] EWCA Crim 762; [2010] 1 WLR 2644; [2010] 2 Cr App R 106, CA

Regina v Jovan Martin [2017] EWCA Crim 1359, CA

Richardson v Director of Public Prosecutions [2014] UKSC 8; [2014] AC 635; [2014] 2 WLR 288; [2014] 2 All ER 20; [2014] 1 Cr App R 415; [2014] WLR (D) 52; Case details, SC(E)

Roe v Kingerlee [1986] Crim LR 735, DC

Scottow v Crown Prosecution Service [2020] EWHC 3421 (Admin); [2021] 1 WLR 1828; [2021] 1 Cr App R 13; [2020] WLR(D) 684, DC

Secretary of State for Transport v Cuciurean [2021] EWCA Civ 357, CA

Seray-Wurie v Director of Public Prosecution [2012] EWHC 208 (Admin), QBD

Shvydka v Ukraine (Application No 17888/12) (unreported) 30 October 2014, ECtHR

Steel v United Kingdom (Application No 24838/94) (1998) 28 EHRR 603, ECtHR

Taranenko v Russia (Application No 19554/05) (2014) 37 BHRC 285, ECtHR

Taxquet v Belgium (Application No 926/05) (2010) 54 EHRR 26, ECtHR (GC)

Vona v Hungary (Application No 35943/10) (2013) 37 BHRC 239, ECtHR

Vural v Turkey (Application No 9540/07) (unreported) 21 October 2014, ECtHR

Women on Waves v Portugal (Application No 31276/05) (unreported) 3 February 2009, ECtHR

Wong Pooh Yin Alias Kwang Sin Alias Kar Sin v Public Prosecutor [1955] AC 93; [1954] 3 WLR 471, PC

Yordanovi v Bulgaria (Application No 11157/11) (unreported) 3 September 2020, ECtHR

Subsequent Consideration

Cases subsequently considering: Attorney General’s Reference (No 1 of 2022) [2022] EWCA Crim 1259; [2023] KB 37; [2023] 2 WLR 651; [2023] 1 All ER 549; [2023] 1 Cr App R 1; [2022] WLR(D) 383; The Times, 14 November 2022, CA

Cases citing

Cases citing: Attorney General’s Reference (No 1 of 2022) [2022] EWCA Crim 1259; [2023] KB 37; [2023] 2 WLR 651; [2023] 1 All ER 549; [2023] 1 Cr App R 1; [2022] WLR(D) 383; The Times, 14 November 2022, CA

Attorney General’s Reference No 1 of 2023 [2024] EWCA Crim 243; [2024] WLR(D) 130, CA

Director of Public Prosecutions v Bailey [2022] EWHC 3302 (Admin); [2023] KB 392; [2023] 2 WLR 1140; [2023] 1 Cr App R 22; [2023] WLR(D) 18; [2023] ACD 35, KBD

Director of Public Prosecutions v Eastburn [2023] EWHC 1063 (Admin), DC

Esso Petroleum Co Ltd v Breen [2023] EWHC 2013 (KB), KBD

In re Abortion Services (Safe Access Zones) (Northern Ireland) Bill [2022] UKSC 32; [2023] AC 505; [2023] 2 WLR 33; [2023] 2 All ER 209; [2022] WLR(D) 482; The Times, 15 December 2022, SC(NI)

R (Annington Property Ltd) v Secretary of State for Defence [2023] EWHC 1154 (Admin); [2023] EWHC 1155 (Ch); [2024] 1 WLR 365; [2023] WLR(D) 241, KBD and Ch D

R (Director of Public Prosecutions) v Manchester City Magistrates’ Court [2023] EWHC 2938 (Admin); [2024] 1 Cr App R 12; [2024] ACD 4, KBD

R v Casserly [2024] EWCA Crim 25; [2024] 1 Cr App R 18; [2024] WLR(D) 33, CA

Shell UK Ltd v Persons Unknown [2023] EWHC 1229 (KB); [2023] 1 WLR 4358; [2023] 4 All ER 1075; [2023] WLR(D) 233, KBD

Valero Energy Ltd v Persons Unknown [2024] EWHC 134 (KB), KBD

Commentary

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