Birmingham City Council v Jones

Subject Matter

INJUNCTION — Gang-related violence — Exercise of statutory jurisdiction — Statutory power to grant injunction in restraint of gang-related violence — Whether involving determination of criminal charge — Appropriate standard of proof — Whether scheme compatible with Convention right to fair trial — Human Rights Act 1998 (c 42), Sch 1, Pt I, art 6 — Policing and Crime Act 2009 (c 26), s 34 (as amended by Serious Crime Act 2015 (c 9), s 51) — Anti-social Behaviour, Crime and Policing Act 2014 (c 12), s 1

[2018] EWCA Civ 1189; [2019] QB 521; [2018] 3 WLR 1695; [2018] 2 Cr App R 23; [2018] WLR (D) 312, CA

INJUNCTION — Gang injunctions — Standard of proof — Statutory powers to grant injunctions in restraint of gang-related violence, gang-related drug-dealing activity and anti-social behaviour — Whether criminal or civil standard of proof applicable — Whether statutory schemes compatible with Convention right to fair trial — Human Rights Act 1998 (c 42), Sch 1, Pt I, art 6(1) — Policing and Crime Act 2009 (c 26), s 34 — Anti-social Behaviour, Crime and Policing Act 2014 (c 12), s 1

[2023] UKSC 27; [2024] AC 168; [2023] 3 WLR 343; [2023] 4 All ER 595; [2023] 2 Cr App R 19; [2023] WLR(D) 317, SC(E)

Appellate History

Legislation Considered

Statutes

Human Rights Act 1998 (c 42), Sch 1, Pt I, art 6(1)

Policing and Crime Act 2009 (c 26), s 34

Anti-social Behaviour, Crime and Policing Act 2014 (c 12), s 1

Cases Considered

Cases considered in: Birmingham City Council v Jones [2023] UKSC 27; [2024] AC 168; [2023] 3 WLR 343; [2023] 4 All ER 595; [2023] 2 Cr App R 19; [2023] WLR(D) 317, SC(E)

Cases considered in: Birmingham City Council v Jones [2018] EWCA Civ 1189; [2019] QB 521; [2018] 3 WLR 1695; [2018] 2 Cr App R 23; [2018] WLR (D) 312, CA

Cases Cited

Cases cited in: Birmingham City Council v Jones [2018] EWCA Civ 1189; [2019] QB 521; [2018] 3 WLR 1695; [2018] 2 Cr App R 23; [2018] WLR (D) 312, CA

AA v United Kingdom CE:ECHR:2011:0902JUD000800008; [2012] Imm AR 107; [2012] INLR 1

Albert and Le Compte v Belgium CE:ECHR:1983:0210JUD000729975; 5 EHRR 533

Arcuri v Italy CE:ECHR:2001:0705DEC005202499; Reports of Judgments and Decisions 2001-VII, p 517

B v Chief Constable of Avon and Somerset Constabulary [2001] 1 WLR 340; [2001] 1 All ER 562, DC

Barberà, Messengué and Jabardo v Spain CE:ECHR:1988:1206JUD001059083; 11 EHRR 360

Bendenoun v France CE:ECHR:1994:0224JUD001254786; 18 EHRR 54

Birmingham City Council v James [2013] EWCA Civ 552; [2014] 1 WLR 23; [2013] WLR (D) 185, CA

Birmingham City Council v Shafi [2008] EWCA Civ 1186; [2009] 1 WLR 1961; [2009] PTSR 503; [2009] 3 All ER 127; [2009] LGR 367, CA

Chief Constable of Lancashire v Wilson [2015] EWHC 2763 (QB), QBD

Chief Constable of Merseyside Police v Harrison (Secretary of State for the Home Department intervening) [2006] EWHC 1106 (Admin); [2007] QB 79; [2006] 3 WLR 171, DC

Ciulla v Italy CE:ECHR:1989:0222JUD001115284; 13 EHRR 346

De Tommaso v Italy CE:ECHR:2017:0223JUD004339509; (2017) 65 EHRR 19, ECtHR (GC)

Dombo Beheer BV v The Netherlands CE:ECHR:1993:1027JUD001444888; 18 EHRR 213

Engel v The Netherlands (No 1) 1 EHRR 647, ECtHR

Falk v The Netherlands CE:ECHR:2004:1019DEC006627301; Reports of Judgments and Decisions 2004-XI, p 319

Geerings v The Netherlands CE:ECHR:2007:0301JUD003081003; 46 EHRR 49

Gough v Chief Constable of the Derbyshire Constabulary [2002] EWCA Civ 351; [2002] QB 1213; [2002] 3 WLR 289; [2002] 2 All ER 985, CA

Guzzardi v Italy CE:ECHR:1980:1106JUD000736776; 3 EHRR 333

Han v Customs and Excise Comrs [2001] EWCA Civ 1040; [2001] 1 WLR 2253; [2001] 4 All ER 687; [2001] STC 1188, CA

In re B (Children) (Care Proceedings: Standard of Proof) (CAFCASS intervening) [2008] UKHL 35; [2009] AC 11; [2008] 3 WLR 1; [2008] 4 All ER 1; [2008] 2 FLR 141, HL(E)

In re D (Secretary of State for Northern Ireland intervening) [2008] UKHL 33; [2008] 1 WLR 1499; [2008] 4 All ER 992; [2009] 1 FLR 700, HL(NI)

In re H (Minors) (Sexual Abuse: Standard of Proof) [1996] AC 563; [1996] 2 WLR 8; [1996] 1 All ER 1; [1996] 1 FLR 80, HL(E)

International Transport Roth GmbH v Secretary of State for the Home Department [2002] EWCA Civ 158; [2003] QB 728; [2002] 3 WLR 344, CA

Khawaja v Revenue and Customs Comrs [2013] UKUT 353 (TCC); [2014] STC 150; [2013] BTC 1995, UT

Landvreugd v The Netherlands CE:ECHR:2002:0604JUD003733197; 36 EHRR 56

Lawless v Ireland (No 3) CE:ECHR:1961:0701JUD000033257; (Appn no 332/57); (1961) 1 EHRR 15, ECtHR

M v Italy (1991) 70 DR 59

Matyjek v Poland Reports of Judgments and Decisions 2006-VII, p 389

Napp Pharmaceutical Holdings Ltd v Director General of Fair Trading [2002] EWCA Civ 796; [2002] 4 All ER 376, CA

Nottingham City Council v Zain (A Minor) [2001] EWCA Civ 1248; [2002] 1 WLR 607, CA

Olivieira v The Netherlands CE:ECHR:2002:0604JUD003312996; 37 EHRR 32

R (Cleary) v Highbury Corner Magistrates’ Court (Practice Note) [2006] EWHC 1869 (Admin); [2007] 1 WLR 1272; [2007] 1 All ER 270, DC

R (G) v Governors of X School [2011] UKSC 30; [2012] 1 AC 167; [2011] 3 WLR 237; [2011] ICR 1033; [2011] PTSR 1230; [2011] 4 All ER 625; [2011] LGR 849; [2011] 2 Cr App R 206; [2011] WLR (D) 211; Case details, SC(E)

R (McCann) v Crown Court at Manchester [2002] UKHL 39; [2003] 1 AC 787; [2002] 1 WLR 1551; [2002] 3 WLR 1313; [2002] 4 All ER 593; [2003] LGR 57; [2003] 1 Cr App R 419, HL(E)

R (N) v Mental Health Review Tribunal (Northern Region) [2005] EWCA Civ 1605; [2006] QB 468; [2006] 2 WLR 850; [2006] 4 All ER 194, CA

R (Osborn) v Parole Board [2013] UKSC 61; [2014] AC 1115; [2013] 3 WLR 1020; [2014] 1 All ER 369; [2013] WLR (D) 374; Case details, SC(E & NI)

R v A (No 2) [2001] UKHL 25; [2002] 1 AC 45; [2001] 2 WLR 1546; [2001] 3 All ER 1; [2001] 2 Cr App R 351, HL(E)

R v Briggs-Price [2009] UKHL 19; [2009] AC 1026; [2009] 2 WLR 1101; [2009] 4 All ER 594, HL(E)

R v Major (Tara) [2010] EWCA Crim 3016, CA

R v Securities and Futures Authority Ltd, Ex p Fleurose [2001] EWCA Civ 2015; [2002] IRLR 297, CA

Raimondo v Italy CE:ECHR:1994:0222JUD001295487; 18 EHRR 237

Secretary of State for the Home Department v MB [2007] UKHL 46; [2008] AC 440; [2007] 3 WLR 681; [2008] 1 All ER 657, HL(E)

Secretary of State for the Home Department v Rehman [2001] UKHL 47; [2003] 1 AC 153; [2001] 3 WLR 877; [2002] 1 All ER 122, HL(E)

Serious Organised Crime Agency v Gale [2011] UKSC 49; [2011] 1 WLR 2760; [2012] 2 All ER 1; [2011] WLR (D) 303; Case details, SC(E)

Swindon Borough Council v Redpath [2009] EWCA Civ 943; [2010] PTSR 904; [2010] 1 All ER 1003; [2010] LGR 28; [2009] WLR (D) 290, CA

Walsh v Director of the Assets Recovery Agency [2005] NICA 6; [2005] NI 383, CA(NI)

Öztürk v Germany CE:ECHR:1984:0221JUD000854479; 6 EHRR 409

Cases cited in: Birmingham City Council v Jones [2023] UKSC 27; [2024] AC 168; [2023] 3 WLR 343; [2023] 4 All ER 595; [2023] 2 Cr App R 19; [2023] WLR(D) 317, SC(E)

B v Chief Constable of Avon and Somerset Constabulary [2001] 1 WLR 340; [2001] 1 All ER 562, DC

Barberà, Messegué and Jabardo v Spain (Application Nos 10588/83, 10589/83 and 10590/83) (1988) 11 EHRR 360, ECtHR

Bikas v Germany (Application No 76607/13) (unreported) 25 January 2018, ECtHR

Birmingham City Council v James [2013] EWCA Civ 552; [2014] 1 WLR 23; [2013] WLR (D) 185, CA

Birmingham City Council v Shafi [2008] EWCA Civ 1186; [2009] 1 WLR 1961; [2009] PTSR 503; [2009] 3 All ER 127; [2009] LGR 367, CA

CHIEF CONSTABLE OF KENT POLICE v PHILIP CARTER [2022] EWHC 1972 (Admin), QBD

Chief Constable of Greater Manchester v Calder [2015] EWHC B11 (QB)

Chief Constable of Lancashire v Wilson [2015] EWHC 2763 (QB), QBD

Chief Constable of South Yorkshire Police v Information Comr [2011] EWHC 44 (Admin); [2011] 1 WLR 1387; [2010] 3 All ER 506; [2011] WLR (D) 19, QBD

City of London Corpn v Bovis Construction Ltd (No 2) [1992] 3 All ER 697, CA

Comr Of Police Of The Metropolis v Ebanks [2012] EWHC 2368 (Admin), QBD

Constanda v M 1997 SC 217, Ct of Sess

Dombo Beheer BV v Netherlands CE:ECHR:1993:1027JUD001444888; (Appn no 14448/88); (1993) 18 EHRR 213, ECtHR

García Ruiz v Spain (Application No 30544/96) (1999) 31 EHRR 22, ECtHR (GC)

Gough v Chief Constable of the Derbyshire Constabulary [2002] EWCA Civ 351; [2002] QB 1213; [2002] 3 WLR 289; [2002] 2 All ER 985, CA

Horton v Sadler [2006] UKHL 27; [2007] 1 AC 307; [2006] 2 WLR 1346; [2006] 3 All ER 1177; [2006] RTR 330, HL(E)

In re B (Children) (Care Proceedings: Standard of Proof) (CAFCASS intervening) [2008] UKHL 35; [2009] AC 11; [2008] 3 WLR 1; [2008] 4 All ER 1; [2008] 2 FLR 141, HL(E)

In re D (Secretary of State for Northern Ireland intervening) [2008] UKHL 33; [2008] 1 WLR 1499; [2008] 4 All ER 992; [2009] 1 FLR 700, HL(NI)

In re H (Minors) (Sexual Abuse: Standard of Proof) [1996] AC 563; [1996] 2 WLR 8; [1996] 1 All ER 1; [1996] 1 FLR 80, HL(E)

Jacobs v London County Council [1950] AC 361, HL

Manchester City Council v Pinnock (Secretary of State for Communities and Local Government intervening) [2010] UKSC 45; [2011] 2 AC 104; [2010] 3 WLR 1441; [2011] PTSR 61; [2011] 1 All ER 285; [2010] LGR 909; [2010] WLR (D) 278; Case details, SC(E)

Mantovanelli v France CE:ECHR:1997:0318JUD002149793; (Appn no 21497/93); (1997) 24 EHRR 370, ECtHR

Nottingham City Council v Zain (A Minor) [2001] EWCA Civ 1248; [2002] 1 WLR 607, CA

Practice Statement (Judicial Precedent) [1966] 1 WLR 1234; [1966] 3 All ER 77, HL(E)

R (AB) v Secretary of State for Justice [2021] UKSC 28; [2022] AC 487; [2021] 3 WLR 494; [2021] 4 All ER 777; The Times, 27 July 2021, SC(E)

R (Al-Skeini) v Secretary of State for Defence (The Redress Trust intervening) [2007] UKHL 26; [2008] AC 153; [2007] 3 WLR 33; [2007] 3 All ER 685, HL(E)

R (Animal Defenders International) v Secretary of State for Culture, Media and Sport [2008] UKHL 15; [2008] AC 1312; [2008] 2 WLR 781; [2008] 3 All ER 193, HL(E)

R (Elan-Cane) v Secretary of State for the Home Department [2021] UKSC 56; [2023] AC 559; [2022] 2 WLR 133; [2022] 2 All ER 1; [2022] 1 FLR 1056; The Times, 12 January 2022, SC(E)

R (Hammond) v Secretary of State for the Home Department [2005] UKHL 69; [2006] 1 AC 603; [2005] 3 WLR 1229; [2006] 1 All ER 219, HL(E)

R (Maughan) v Oxfordshire Senior Coroner (Chief Coroner of England and Wales intervening) [2020] UKSC 46; [2021] AC 454; [2020] 3 WLR 1298; [2021] 3 All ER 1, SC(E)

R (McCann) v Crown Court at Manchester [2002] UKHL 39; [2003] 1 AC 787; [2002] 1 WLR 1551; [2002] 3 WLR 1313; [2002] 4 All ER 593; [2003] LGR 57; [2003] 1 Cr App R 419, HL(E)

R (N) v Mental Health Review Tribunal (Northern Region) [2005] EWCA Civ 1605; [2006] QB 468; [2006] 2 WLR 850; [2006] 4 All ER 194, CA

R (Osborn) v Parole Board [2013] UKSC 61; [2014] AC 1115; [2013] 3 WLR 1020; [2014] 1 All ER 369; [2013] WLR (D) 374; Case details, SC(E & NI)

R (Roberts) v Parole Board [2005] UKHL 45; [2005] 2 AC 738; [2005] 3 WLR 152; [2006] 1 All ER 39, HL(E)

R (SB) v Governors of Denbigh High School [2006] UKHL 15; [2007] 1 AC 100; [2006] 2 WLR 719; [2006] 2 All ER 487, HL(E)

R (SC) v Secretary of State for Work and Pensions [2021] UKSC 26; [2022] AC 223; [2021] 3 WLR 428; [2022] 3 All ER 95; [2021] WLR(D) 382; The Times, 20 July 2021, SC(E)

R (Ullah) v Special Adjudicator [2004] UKHL 26; [2004] 2 AC 323; [2004] 3 WLR 23; [2004] 3 All ER 785, HL(E)

R (Youngsam) v Parole Board [2019] EWCA Civ 229; [2020] QB 387; [2019] 3 WLR 33; [2019] 3 All ER 954; [2019] WLR (D) 121, CA

R v A (No 2) [2001] UKHL 25; [2002] 1 AC 45; [2001] 2 WLR 1546; [2001] 3 All ER 1; [2001] 2 Cr App R 351, HL(E)

R v Briggs-Price [2009] UKHL 19; [2009] AC 1026; [2009] 2 WLR 1101; [2009] 4 All ER 594, HL(E)

R v H [2004] UKHL 3; [2004] 2 AC 134; [2004] 2 WLR 335; [2004] 1 All ER 1269; [2004] 2 Cr App R 179, HL(E)

R v Jogee [2016] UKSC 8; [2017] AC 387; [2016] 2 WLR 681; [2016] 2 All ER 1; [2016] 1 Cr App R 31; [2016] WLR (D) 84; Case details, SC(E)

Regner v Czech Republic (Application No 35289/11) (2017) 66 EHRR 9, ECtHR (GC)

Ringvold v Norway (Application No 34964/97) Reports of Judgments and Decisions 2003-II, p 117

S v Miller 2001 SC 977, Ct of Sess

SA-Capital Oy v Finland (Application No 5556/10) (unreported) 14 February 2019, ECtHR

Saliba v Malta (Application No 24221/13) (unreported) 29 November 2016, ECtHR

Schenk v Switzerland (Application No 10862/84) (1988) 13 EHRR 242, ECtHR

Secretary of State for the Home Department v MB [2007] UKHL 46; [2008] AC 440; [2007] 3 WLR 681; [2008] 1 All ER 657, HL(E)

Secretary of State for the Home Department v Rehman [2001] UKHL 47; [2003] 1 AC 153; [2001] 3 WLR 877; [2002] 1 All ER 122, HL(E)

Serious Organised Crime Agency v Gale [2011] UKSC 49; [2011] 1 WLR 2760; [2012] 2 All ER 1; [2011] WLR (D) 303; Case details, SC(E)

Smith v Ministry of Defence [2013] UKSC 41; [2014] AC 52; [2013] 3 WLR 69; [2013] 4 All ER 794; 35 BHRC 711; [2013] HRLR 27; [2014] PIQR P2; [2013] WLR (D) 239; The Times, 24 July 2013; Case details, SC(E)

Swindon Borough Council v Redpath [2009] EWCA Civ 943; [2010] PTSR 904; [2010] 1 All ER 1003; [2010] LGR 28; [2009] WLR (D) 290, CA

Taxquet v Belgium (Application No 926/05) (2010) 54 EHRR 26, ECtHR (GC)

Tiemann v France and Germany (Application Nos 47457/99 and 47458/99) (unreported) 27 April 2000, ECtHR

Twalib v Greece (Application No 24294/94) (1998) 33 EHRR 24, ECtHR

Şahin v Turkey (Application No 13279/05) (2011) 54 EHRR 20, ECtHR (GC)

Cases citing

Cases citing: Birmingham City Council v Jones [2018] EWCA Civ 1189; [2019] QB 521; [2018] 3 WLR 1695; [2018] 2 Cr App R 23; [2018] WLR (D) 312, CA

Birmingham City Council v Sharif [2020] EWCA Civ 1488; [2021] 1 WLR 685; [2021] 3 All ER 176; [2021] RTR 15; [2020] WLR(D) 602, CA

Cases citing: Birmingham City Council v Jones [2023] UKSC 27; [2024] AC 168; [2023] 3 WLR 343; [2023] 4 All ER 595; [2023] 2 Cr App R 19; [2023] WLR(D) 317, SC(E)

Comr of Police of the Metropolis v Malik [2023] EWHC 3213 (Admin); [2024] 4 WLR 19; [2023] WLR(D) 523, DC

Duke of Sussex v MGN Ltd [2023] EWHC 3217 (Ch), Ch D

Farol Holdings Ltd v Clydesdale Bank plc [2024] EWHC 593 (Ch), Ch D

Swindon Borough Council v Abrook [2024] EWCA Civ 230; [2024] WLR(D) 110, CA

Commentary

St Ives Chambers
Gangs and Anti-Social Behaviour Injunctions – Standard of Proof Case comment

Blackstones Civil Practice 2023
Injunctions under the Anti-social Behaviour, Crime and Policing Act 2014 - Meaning of anti-social behaviour 88.3

Injunctions under the Policing and Crime Act 2009 - Granting the injunction order 88.35

Articles of the Convention Incorporated into the Human Rights Act 1998 - Article 6: right to a fair trial - Scope of art. 6(1) 91.20