R v Gough

Subject Matter

CRIME — Jury — Bias — Juror next door neighbour of defendant's brother — Juror unaware of connection until after trial — Whether real danger of bias — Whether irregularity affecting trial

[1993] AC 646; [1993] 2 WLR 883

Appellate History

Cases Considered

Cases considered in: R v Gough [1993] AC 646; [1993] 2 WLR 883, CA and HL(E)

Cases Cited

Cases cited in: R v Gough [1993] AC 646; [1993] 2 WLR 883; [1992] 4 All ER 481; 95 Cr App R 433, CA

Ardahalian v Unifert International SA [1984] 2 Lloyd's Rep 84, CA

Bremer Handelsgesellschaft mbH v Ets Soules et Cie [1985] 1 Lloyd's Rep 160

Dimes v. Proprietors of Grand Junction Canal (1852) 3 H.L.Cas. 759, H.L.(E.)

Frome United Breweries Co Ltd, v Keepers Of The Peace and Justices For County Borough Of Bath [1926] AC 586, HL

Hannam v Bradford Corpn [1970] 1 WLR 937; [1970] 2 All ER 690; 68 LGR 498, CA

Metropolitan Properties Co (FGC) Ltd v Lannon [1969] 1 QB 577; [1968] 3 WLR 694; [1968] 3 All ER 304, CA

R v Altrincham Justices, Ex parte N Pennington [1975] QB 549; [1975] 2 WLR 450; [1975] 2 All ER 78; 73 LGR 109, DC

R v Barnsley Licensing Justices, Ex Parte Barnsley And District Licensed Victuallers’ Association [1959] 2 QB 276; [1959] 3 WLR 96, DC

R v Box [1964] 1 QB 430; [1963] 3 WLR 696; [1963] 3 All ER 240, CCA

R v Camborne Justices, Ex parte Pearce [1955] 1 QB 41; [1954] 3 WLR 415, DC

R v Liverpool City Justices, Ex parte Topping [1983] 1 WLR 119; [1983] 1 All ER 490; 76 Cr App R 170, DC

R v Spencer [1987] AC 128; [1986] 3 WLR 348; [1986] 3 All ER 928; 83 Cr App R 277, HL(E)

R v Sunderland Justices [1901] 2 KB 357, CA

R v Sussex Justices, Ex p McCarthy [1924] 1 KB 256; 40 TLR 80; [1923] EWHC KB 1, DC

R v Weaver [1968] 1 QB 353; [1967] 2 WLR 1244; [1967] 1 All ER 277, CA

Reg. v. Chapman (William) (1976) 63 Cr.App.R. 75, C.A.

Reg. v. McLean, Ex parte Aikens (1974) 139 J.P. 261, D.C.

Reg. v. Morris (orse. Williams) (1990) 93 Cr.App.R. 102, C.A.

Reg. v. Pennington (1985) 81 Cr.App.R. 217, C.A.

Reg. v. Putnam (1991) 93 Cr.App.R. 281, C.A.

Reg. v. Sawyer (1980) 71 Cr.App.R. 283, C.A.

Reg. v. Uxbridge Justices, Ex parte Burbridge, The Times, 21 June 1972, D.C.

Rex v. Twiss (1918) 13 Cr.App.R. 177, C.C.A.

The Queen v Rand LR 1 QB 230, QBD

Cases cited in: R v Gough [1993] AC 646; [1993] 2 WLR 883; [1993] 2 All ER 724; 97 Cr App R 188, HL(E)

R v Altrincham Justices, Ex parte N Pennington [1975] QB 549; [1975] 2 WLR 450; [1975] 2 All ER 78; 73 LGR 109, DC

R v Box [1964] 1 QB 430; [1963] 3 WLR 696; [1963] 3 All ER 240, CCA

R v Liverpool City Justices, Ex parte Topping [1983] 1 WLR 119; [1983] 1 All ER 490; 76 Cr App R 170, DC

R v Mulvihill [1990] 1 WLR 438; 90 Cr App R 372, CA

R v Spencer [1987] AC 128; [1986] 3 WLR 348; [1986] 3 All ER 928; 83 Cr App R 277, HL(E)

Reg. v. Bliss (1986) 84 Cr.App.R. 1, C.A.

Reg. v. Longman (1980) 72 Cr.App.R. 121, C.A.

Reg. v. Morris (orse. Williams) (1990) 93 Cr.App.R. 102, C.A.

Reg. v. Sawyer (1980) 71 Cr.App.R. 283, C.A.

Subsequent Consideration

Cases subsequently considering: R v Gough [1993] AC 646; [1993] 2 WLR 883; [1993] 2 All ER 724; 97 Cr App R 188, HL(E)

Cases citing

Cases citing: R v Gough [1993] AC 646; [1993] 2 WLR 883; [1992] 4 All ER 481; 95 Cr App R 433, CA

A v B & X [2011] EWHC 2345 (Comm), QBD

A v B (Arbitration: Alleged bias) [2011] EWHC 2345 (Comm); [2011] 2 Lloyd's Rep 591, QBD

A1 Veg Ltd v Hounslow London Borough Council [2003] EWHC 3112 (Admin); [2004] LGR 536, QBD

Adu v General Medical [2014] EWHC 1946 (Admin), QBD

Adu v General Medical Council [2014] EWHC 4080 (Admin), QBD

Amec Capital Projects Ltd v Whitefriars City Estates Ltd [2004] EWCA Civ 1418; [2005] 1 All ER 723, CA

B v J [2020] EWHC 1373 (Ch); [2021] 1 All ER (Comm) 465, Ch D

BAA Ltd v Competition Commission [2009] CAT 35, CAT

Ball v Secretary Of State For Communities And Local Government [2012] EWHC 3590 (Admin), QBD

Ball v Secretary of State for Communities and Local Government [2012] EWHC 3590 (Admin); [2012] CN 215, QBD

Berg v IML London Ltd [2002] 1 WLR 3271; [2002] 4 All ER 87, QBD

Broxbourne Borough Council (R on the application of) v North & East Hertfordshire Magistrates Courts [2009] EWHC 695 (Admin), QBD

Butler v Her Majesty’s Coroner for the Black County District [2010] EWHC 43 (Admin), QBD

Colley v Council for Licensed Conveyancers [2001] EWCA Civ 1137; [2002] 1 WLR 160; [2001] 4 All ER 998, CA

Compton (R on the application of) v Wiltshire Primary Care Trust [2009] EWHC 1824 (Admin), QBD

Dawson & Dunn (R on the application of) v HM Coroner for East Riding & Kingston Upon Hull Coroners District [2001] EWHC Admin 352, QBD

Dowler v Hornsey Coroners Court [2009] EWHC 3300 (Admin), QBD

Eldin & Anor, R. v [2006] EWCA Crim 1904, CA

Facey v Midas Retail Security Ltd [2001] ICR 287, EAT

Flaherty v National Greyhound Racing Club Ltd [2005] EWCA Civ 1117, CA

Garret (Andrew) v Saxby (Michael) [2004] EWCA Civ 341, CA

HCA International Ltd v Competition and Markets Authority [2015] EWCA Civ 492; [2015] 1 WLR 4341; [2015] WLR (D) 221, CA

Harada Ltd (t/a Chequepoint Ltd) v Turner [2001] EWCA Civ 599, CA

Hopkinson v Hickton [2016] EWCA Civ 1057, CA

Hussman (Europe) Ltd v Ahmed Pharaon [2002] EWHC 689 (Comm), QBD

Hussmann (Europe) Ltd v Pharaon (formerly trading as Al Ameen Development and Trade Establishment) [2002] EWHC 689 (Comm); [2002] CLC 1030, QBD

In re Medicaments and Related Classes of Goods (No 2) [2001] 1 WLR 700; [2001] ICR 564; [2001] HRLR 17; [2001] UKHRR 429; [2001] UKCLR 550, CA

JL, R (on the application of) v Secretary of State for Justice [2009] EWHC 2416 (Admin), QBD

Jackson v Thompsons Solicitors [2015] EWHC 218 (QB), QBD

Kaderli v Chief Public Prosecutor's Office of Gebeze, Turkey [2021] EWHC 1096 (Admin), QBD

Kaivanpor v Director of Public Prosecutions [2015] EWHC 4127 (Admin), QBD

Krishnarajah (R on the application of) v Immigration Appeal Tribunal [2001] EWHC Admin 351, QBD

Locabail (UK) Ltd v Bayfield Properties Ltd [2000] QB 451; [2000] 2 WLR 870; [2000] 1 All ER 65, CA

M&P Enterprises (London) Ltd v Norfolk Square (Northern Section) Ltd [2018] EWHC 2665 (Ch), Ch D

Mahfouz (R on the application of) v Professional Conduct Committee of the General Medical Council [2004] EWCA Civ 233, CA

McCabe v Moore [2015] EWHC 218 (QB); [2015] CN 244, QBD

Mills & Poole (R on the application of) v Criminal Case Review Commission [2001] EWHC Admin 858, QBD

Morrison (Sir Alexander) & Anor v AWG Group Ltd & Anor [2006] EWCA Civ 6, CA

Norbrook Laboratories Ltd v (1) Tank (2) Moulson Chemplant Ltd [2006] EWHC 1055 (Comm), QBD

Norbrook Laboratories Ltd v Tank [2006] EWHC 1055 (Comm); [2006] 2 Lloyd's Rep 485, QBD

Persimmon Homes & BDW Trading Ltd (R on the application of) v Vale of Glamorgan Council [2010] EWHC 535 (Admin), QBD

QS v RS [2016] EWHC 1443 (Fam), Fam D

R (Chief Constable of the Lancashire Constabulary) v Crown Court at Preston [2001] EWHC Admin 928; [2002] 1 WLR 1332, DC

R (Crosbie) v Secretary Of State For Defence [2011] EWHC 879 (Admin), QBD

R (Save Stonehenge World Heritage Site Ltd) v Secretary of State for Transport [2021] EWHC 2161 (Admin); [2022] PTSR 74; [2021] WLR(D) 434, QBD

R (Shaw) v HM Coroner [2013] EWHC 386 (Admin); [2013] CN 810, QBD

R v 1) Khan (Bakish Alla) 2) Hanif (Ilyas) 3) Khan (Bakish Alla) 4) Younas (Asif Iqbal) [2008] EWCA Crim 531, CA

R v Abdroikov (Nurlan) (2) Green (Richard John) (3) Williamson (Kenneth Joseph) [2005] EWCA Crim 1986, CA

R v Agera [2017] EWCA Crim 740; [2017] 4 WLR 115; [2017] 2 Cr App R 22; [2017] WLR (D) 404, CA

R v Ali (Abdula Ahmed) [2011] EWCA Crim 1260, CA

R v Ali (Abdulla Ahmed) [2011] EWCA Crim 1260; [2011] 3 All ER 1071; [2011] 2 Cr App R 285, CA

R v Azam [2006] EWCA Crim 161, CA

R v Burcombe (Christopher John) [2010] EWCA Crim 2818, CA

R v Chief Constable of Merseyside Police ex parte Bennion [2001] EWCA Civ 638, CA

R v Cornwall (Kenny) [2009] EWCA Crim 2458, CA

R v Ferraro (Suzannah Louise) [2002] EWCA Crim 770, CA

R v Hammans (Gavin David) [2001] EWCA Crim 479, CA

R v Khan (Bakish Alla) [2008] EWCA Crim 531; [2008] 3 All ER 502; [2008] 2 Cr App R 161, CA

R v Lawson & 4 Ors [2005] EWCA Crim 84, CA

R v Lawson (Michael) [2005] EWCA Crim 84; [2007] 1 Cr App R 277, CA

R v Liverpool City Council ex parte Barry [2001] EWCA Civ 384, CA

R v Lyons (Isidore Jack) [2001] EWCA Crim 2860, CA

R v Lyons (Isidore) [2001] EWCA Crim 2860; [2002] 2 Cr App R 210, CA

R v M (M) [2011] EWCA Crim 1291, CA

R v MM [2011] EWCA Crim 1291, CA

R v Poole [2001] EWCA Crim 2633; [2002] 1 WLR 1528; [2002] 2 Cr App R 191, CA

R v S [2009] EWCA Crim 2377, CA

R v Saunby (David) [2001] EWCA Crim 2311; The Times, 8 October 2001, Ct-MAC

R v Smith (Lance Percival) [2003] EWCA Crim 283; [2003] 1 WLR 2229, CA

Riaz (R on the application of) v Special Adjudicator [2001] EWHC Admin 879, QBD

Russell, R v [2006] EWCA Crim 470, CA

Ryan v HSBC UK Banl plc [2023] EWHC 90 (Ch), Ch D

Shaw v HM Coroner For Leicester City And South Leicestershire [2013] EWHC 386 (Admin), QBD

Society of Lloyds v Jaffray [2002] EWCA Civ 1101, CA

Southwark London Borough Council v Jiminez [2003] EWCA Civ 502; [2003] ICR 1176, CA

Taylor v Lawrence [2001] EWCA Civ 119, CA

Watts v Watts [2015] EWCA Civ 1297, CA

Cases citing: R v Gough [1993] AC 646; [1993] 2 WLR 883; [1993] 2 All ER 724; 97 Cr App R 188, HL(E)

AWG Group Ltd v Morrison [2006] EWCA Civ 6; [2006] 1 WLR 1163; [2006] 1 All ER 967, CA

Attorney General v Dallas [2012] EWHC 156 (Admin); [2012] 1 WLR 991; [2012] 1 Cr App R 436; [2012] WLR (D) 7, DC

Barton v Wright Hassall LLP [2018] UKSC 12; [2018] 1 WLR 1119; [2018] 3 All ER 487; [2018] WLR (D) 116; Case details, SC(E)

Boodram v Attorney-General of Trinidad and Tobago [1996] AC 842; [1996] 2 WLR 464, PC

Eves v Hambros Bank (Jersey) Ltd [1996] 1 WLR 251, PC

Gillies v Secretary of State for Work and Pensions [2006] UKHL 2; [2006] 1 WLR 781; [2006] ICR 267; [2006] 1 All ER 731; 2006 SC (HL) 71, HL(Sc)

Halliburton Co v Chubb Bermuda Insurance Ltd [2017] EWHC 137 (Comm); [2017] 1 WLR 2280; [2017] 2 All ER (Comm) 1097; [2017] 1 Lloyd's Rep 553; [2017] WLR (D) 108, QBD

Halliburton Co v Chubb Bermuda Insurance Ltd [2020] UKSC 48; [2021] AC 1083; [2020] 3 WLR 1474; [2021] 2 All ER 1175; [2021] 1 Lloyd's Rep 1; [2020] WLR (D) 653, SC(E)

Helow v Secretary of State for the Home Department [2008] UKHL 62; [2008] 1 WLR 2416; [2009] 2 All ER 1031; 2009 SC (HL) 1, HL(Sc)

Higgs v Farmor’s School [2022] EAT 101; [2022] ICR 1489; [2022] WLR(D) 364, EAT

Higgs v Farmor’s School [2023] EAT 45; [2023] ICR 875, EAT

In re A (A Child) (Family Proceedings: Disclosure of Information) [2012] UKSC 60; [2013] 2 AC 66; [2012] 3 WLR 1484; [2013] 1 All ER 761; [2013] LGR 179; [2013] 1 FLR 948; [2012] WLR (D) 378; Case details, SC(E)

In re L (Minors) (Care Proceedings: Solicitors) [2001] 1 WLR 100; [2000] 2 FLR 887, Fam D

In re M (A Minor) (Contempt of Court: Committal of Court’s Own Motion) [1999] Fam 263; [1999] 2 WLR 810; [1999] 2 All ER 56; [1999] 1 FLR 810, CA

In re P (A Barrister) [2005] 1 WLR 3019, Visitors to Inns of Court

Laker Airways Inc v FLS Aerospace Ltd [2000] 1 WLR 113; [1999] 2 Lloyd's Rep 45, QBD

Lodwick v Southwark London Borough Council [2004] EWCA Civ 306; [2004] ICR 884, CA

Meerabux v Attorney General of Belize [2005] UKPC 12; [2005] 2 AC 513; [2005] 2 WLR 1307, PC

Millar v Dickson [2001] UKPC D4; [2002] 1 WLR 1615; [2002] 3 All ER 1041, PC

Misick v The Queen [2015] UKPC 31; [2015] 1 WLR 3215; [2015] 2 Cr App R 317; [2015] WLR (D) 277; Case details, PC

Modahl v British Athletic Federation Ltd [2001] EWCA Civ 1447; [2002] 1 WLR 1192, CA

Nwabueze v General Medical Council [2000] 1 WLR 1760, PC

Oni v NHS Leicester City [2013] ICR 91, EAT

Porter v Magill [2001] UKHL 67; [2002] 2 AC 357; [2002] 2 WLR 37; [2002] 1 All ER 465; [2002] LGR 51, HL(E)

Porter v Magill [2002] 2 AC 357; [2000] 2 WLR 1420; [1999] LGR 375, CA

Preiss v General Dental Council [2001] UKPC 36; [2001] 1 WLR 1926, PC

R (Al-Hasan) v Secretary of State for the Home Department [2001] EWCA Civ 1224; [2002] 1 WLR 545, CA

R (Bennion) v Chief Constable of the Merseyside Police [2001] EWCA Civ 638; [2002] ICR 136, CA

R (Director of Public Prosecutions) v Acton Youth Court [2001] EWHC Admin 402; [2001] 1 WLR 1828, DC

R (Greenfield) v Secretary of State for the Home Department [2001] EWCA Civ 1224; [2002] 1 WLR 545, CA

R (McLellan) v Bracknell Forest Borough Council [2001] EWCA Civ 1510; [2002] QB 1129; [2002] 2 WLR 1448; [2002] 1 All ER 899; [2002] LGR 191, CA

R (Primary Health Investment Properties Ltd) v Secretary of State for Health [2009] EWHC 519 (Admin); [2009] PTSR 1563, QBD

R (Wright) v Secretary of State for Health [2007] EWCA Civ 999; [2008] QB 422; [2008] 2 WLR 536; [2008] 1 All ER 886, CA

R v Abdroikov [2005] EWCA Crim 1986; [2005] 1 WLR 3538; [2005] 4 All ER 869; [2006] 1 Cr App R 1, CA

R v Bow Street Metropolitan Stipendiary Magistrate, Ex p Pinochet Ugarte (No 2) [2000] 1 AC 119; [1999] 2 WLR 272; [1999] 1 All ER 577, HL(E)

R v Director of Public Prosecutions, Ex parte Lee [1999] 1 WLR 1950; [1999] 2 All ER 787; [1999] 2 Cr App R 304, DC

R v Field (Benjamin) (Practice Note) [2022] EWCA Crim 316; [2022] 1 WLR 3495; [2022] 4 All ER 234; [2022] 2 Cr App R 3; [2022] WLR(D) 139, CA

R v Friend [1997] 1 WLR 1433; [1997] 2 All ER 1011; [1997] 2 Cr App R 231, CA

R v Grant [2021] EWCA Crim 1243; [2022] QB 857; [2022] 2 WLR 321; [2022] RTR 10; [2022] 1 Cr App R 20; [2021] WLR(D) 470, CA

R v Hereford Magistrates’ Court, Ex parte Rowlands [1998] QB 110; [1997] 2 WLR 854; [1997] 2 Cr App R 340, DC

R v Mirza [2004] UKHL 2; [2004] 1 AC 1118; [2004] 2 WLR 201; [2004] 1 All ER 925; [2004] 2 Cr App R 112, HL(E)

R v Parole Board, Ex parte Watson [1996] 1 WLR 906; [1996] 2 All ER 641, CA

R v S (K) [2009] EWCA Crim 2377; [2010] 1 WLR 2511; [2010] 1 All ER 1084; [2010] 1 Cr App R 285, CA

R v Smith (Patrick) [2005] UKHL 12; [2005] 1 WLR 704; [2005] 2 All ER 29; [2005] 2 Cr App R 160, HL(E)

R v South Worcestershire Justices, Ex parte Lilley [1995] 1 WLR 1595; [1995] 4 All ER 186; [1996] 1 Cr App R 420, DC

R v White (Anthony) [2001] EWCA Crim 216; [2001] 1 WLR 1352, CA

Rees v Crane [1994] 2 AC 173; [1994] 2 WLR 476; [1994] 1 All ER 833, PC

Regina v Shahab Hastroudi [2021] EWCA Crim 54, CA

Roylance v General Medical Council (No 2) [2000] 1 AC 311; [1999] 3 WLR 541, PC

Smith v Kvaerner Cementation Foundations Ltd (General Council of the Bar intervening) [2006] EWCA Civ 242; [2007] 1 WLR 370; [2006] 3 All ER 593, CA

Sumukan Ltd v Commonwealth Secretariat (No 2) [2007] EWCA Civ 1148; [2008] Bus LR 858; [2008] 2 All ER (Comm) 175; [2008] 1 Lloyd's Rep 40, CA

Swain-Mason v Mills & Reeve LLP [2011] EWCA Civ 14; [2011] 1 WLR 2735; [2011] WLR (D) 8, CA

Taylor v Lawrence [2002] EWCA Civ 90; [2003] QB 528; [2002] 3 WLR 640; [2002] 2 All ER 353, CA

Trump International Ltd v DTTM Operations llc (Comptroller General of Patents, Design and Trade Marks intervening) [2019] EWHC 769 (Ch); [2019] Bus LR 2048; [2019] WLR(D) 207, Ch D

Virdi v Law Society (Solicitors Disciplinary Tribunal intervening) [2010] EWCA Civ 100; [2010] 1 WLR 2840; [2010] 3 All ER 653, CA

Wilkinson v Lord Chancellor’s Department [2003] EWCA Civ 95; [2003] 1 WLR 1254; [2003] 2 All ER 184, CA

Commentary

Blackstones Civil Practice 2023
Pre-trial Arrangements - Impartiality of judge 61.25